Articles
- Type of determine which include words like `this,my,their,each and any` are used at the beginning of a noun phase to identify exactly what or who the noun refer to.
- 3 types:
- I) the definite article `the`
- II) indefinite article `a` or `an`
- III) zero article where neither `the` nor `a` comes before the nouns
Predisposition
- Many verbs, nouns and adjective are followed by specific predisposition. These are referred to as dependent predisposition.
Relatives clause
- I) Defining relative clause – called a ( restrictive clause ) modifies a noun by identifying which person or thing is being referred to. Never use a comma between a defining clause who and the rest of the sentence.
- II) Non-defining clause – called as a ( non-restrictive clause )modifies a noun by giving additional information about the person or thing that being referred to. Always use a comma to separate the non-defining clause from what comes before it and from anything that comes after it.
Eg: defining – my sister who lives in Scotland is coming to visit me at the weekend.
Eg: non defining- my sister , who lives in Scoltland , is coming to visit me at the weekend.
- III) sentential relative clause- refer to whole sentence that comes before them
Eg: they decided against buying a Ferrari , which was a wise decision.
The present perfect tense
- A verb tense that expressed an action that was completed at some time in the past, or that started in the past continuous. The tense is formed by combining the present tense of have and the past participle of verb.
Eg: she has paid the bill
Simple present tense
- Form of verb that expresses what exists now, what is happening now or what happen regularly.
The present participle
- Form or verb that ends in `ing` and expresses continuing action, for example the world ` fishing` . It can sometimes be used as an adjectives, for example : the creaming baby.
The past perfect tense
- Verbs tense performed with `had` and a past participle. It is used to express an action that was completed before a particular time in the past, for example `had finished` in the sentences.
Eg: she offered to help I had already finished
The past tense
- The form of a verb used to express what existed or happened in the past
Eg: we lived in France until I was 18
The past participle
- Form of a verb used to make the perfect tense and passive forms of verbs. Past participle are also sometimes used as adjectives for example `cooked` in the phrase `cooked vegetables`.
Conjunction
- A word that is used to join other word, phrases, clauses, and sentences, for example `and`, `because` and `but`.
- A combination of two or more things.
Pronoun
- A word used to instead of noun for referring to a person or thing that has been mentioned earlier.
Eg: she, they, that, and yourself.
Countable nouns
- Have singular and plural forms : my best friends, all my friends
- Can come after `a` or `an` : a banana, an apple
- Can be used with numbers : three chairs, two tables
Uncountable nouns
- Have plural forms : some information, a lot of furniture
- Never come after `a` or `an` : evidence, luggage
- Never used with numbers
- Are used with the singular form of a verb when they are the subject of that verb : the traffic was very heavy
punctuation
punctuation mark what it is called what it does
. full stop (br), period ( us) - this marks the end of a sentence
: colon - this introduce lists, explanation and quotation
; semicolon - this separates two main clause whose meaning
are closely related
? question mark - this mark the end of a direct question
- dash - this is used, especially informal writing, to show
that what follow is a comment on, or a
summary of, what comes before
! exclamation mark - this is used at the end of a sentence to show
surprise, admiration etc
`` quotation marks, - these indicator direct speech or show that you are
' inverted commas repeating a writer`s exact words
`'
( ) brackets - these enclose part of a sentence that containing extra
information that can be considered separately
noun
mankind
internet
users
account
salesperson
british
items
mail
nut
source
overall
increase
all
world
effects
legacy
power
command
audience
fingertips
next
anger
handle
deeds
understanding
tool
levels
government
schools
parents
children
equilibrium
today
minor
can
up
webpage
ideas
dog
business
environment
characters
but
reputation
companies
nation
stake
top
information
net
virus
damage
organisation
crimes
comission
justification
reached
critism
society
cyber
communication
culture
humour
darker
today
library
impact
pornography
irresponsible
champion
causes
spree
articles
the
an
a
the next
predisposition
of
to
over
in
a
around
at
all
from
before
up
but
beside
after
by
via
on
than
pronoun
their
that
all
this
more
it
which
own
who
there
any
some
other
you
adjective
defined
smooth
fast
accessible
persistent
linked
that
overall
in
all
this
one`s
worldwide
possibly
greater
powerful
certain
minor
set
up
malicious
erroneous
dangerous
ugly
only
secret
capable
which
only
what
level
inaccurate
larger
irresponsible
incorrect
net
explicit
material
adults
both
selfish
unidentified
japanese
mailing
graphic
violence
ignore
conjunction
and
since
how
or
with
adverb
virtually
never
before
co
time
too
as
that
overall
in
all
around
however
more
even
up
their
own
regardless
how
where
only
constantly
when
buy
out
singular
arrival
has
deed
is
society
space
tool
individual
one
the air
plural
communication
a
parents
children
angers
levels
schools
organisation
others
verb
define
have
has
been
source
brought
increase
gives
generated
can
be
inculcate
organisation
reached
even
set
up
own
publish
idea
gets
eat
are
can
be
stake
spreading
done
become
post
circulate
threaten
engulf
net
affect
champion
causes
past participate
been
done
reached
present perfect tense
have
is
be
has
created
numbers
1997
794
65%
conjunction
that
however
before
or
and
where
only
but
which
than
while
present continuous tense
understanding
are handling
Thursday, August 5, 2010
Monday, August 2, 2010
strike out stress
Everybody gets stressed. Stress can come when you are doing a simple everyday task, such as trying to get a taxicab during rush hour or beating a deadline at work. It can also come during really grave times, when you are resolving a marital conflict or about to lose a loved one.
The lucky ones among us get through their days cheerfully despite the stress. Others are so overwhelmed by it that they cannot function normally.
Many situations create tension and pressure in our lives. The secret is to know how to better cope with them.
Various stress forms
Dr. Bernardino Vicente, director of the National Center for Mental Health in Mandaluyong City, Philippines, says the first step is to know the various forms of these stressors.
Normal, serious
Normal garden-variety stressors include eustress, a productive kind of stress. The pressure parents exert on a child to study is an example. "Parents frequently admonish their children to study more or promise him a bike if he gets good grades--that pressure on the child is productive stress," says Vicente.
Serious but unproductive forms of stress. Examples include losing your job or a death in the family.
Internal, external
Internal stress is psychological. Says Vicente: "[It's up to you.] Your doctor says you have goiter and you may have to undergo an operation. Even if it is not yet confirmed, just the thought of going under the knife already stresses you."
External stressors are evident, such as when you are hurrying to work and get a flat tire. Driving in Manila can be stressful; so is going to malls on weekends.
Based on origins
Biological stressors are illnesses like colds, cough or flu, or changes in the body such as during pregnancy.
Environmental factors, such as air and noise pollutants, can be stressors. A high level of lead in the air may cause road rage, according to Vicente.
Social stress results from interaction with people, such as constant rejection by others, or achieving popularity but always finding yourself talked about negatively.
Personal circumstances and standards, like having financial problems or believing you are unattractive, are great stressors. Your boss may just want a one-page report, but because you expect much of yourself, you become stressed by the assignment.
Traumatic stresses are life-threatening or life-changing situations: seeing a relative die in a traumatic way, being kidnapped or experiencing disaster. "We've seen this kind of stress in Bicol [a southern region in the Philippines], where people get flashbacks of what happened when the supertyphoons hit their homes," says Vicente. "This may cause post-traumatic stress disorders and have a long-lasting effect on people."
Workplace stress
The most prevalent stressors come from the workplace: long working hours, deadlines, unusual demands from bosses.
The nature of one's work also determines how stressful the job is. "Rescue and emergency workers, police officers, surgeons--these [people] are all [exposed to] very stressful work," says Vicente.
Some big stressors are easier to handle, while small stressors that people sometimes take for granted can cause injury. Often, if left unmanaged, stressful events pile up and lead to chronic fatigue syndrome, also known as burnout or overstress.
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome is similar to depression. "A person suffering from the syndrome is often tired and [no] drive," relates Vicente.
"One symptom of burnout is a change in values. You see this in government agencies, where there is too much frustration in the bureaucracy," he adds. "Employees lose their initiative and idealism. They just go through the motions of working."
Constant stress also manifests physically, says Vicente. "Many illnesses, like asthma, migraines, ulcers and certain skin disorders, are exacerbated or made worse by stress."
The notion that too much stress can kill also has basis. "There are people with what is called a cardiac personality--aggressive, hostile, very competitive," says Vicente. "Because they want to do a lot of things in a short period of time and their lifestyle is very stressful, there is often that possibility of a heart attack."
The lucky ones among us get through their days cheerfully despite the stress. Others are so overwhelmed by it that they cannot function normally.
Many situations create tension and pressure in our lives. The secret is to know how to better cope with them.
Various stress forms
Dr. Bernardino Vicente, director of the National Center for Mental Health in Mandaluyong City, Philippines, says the first step is to know the various forms of these stressors.
Normal, serious
Normal garden-variety stressors include eustress, a productive kind of stress. The pressure parents exert on a child to study is an example. "Parents frequently admonish their children to study more or promise him a bike if he gets good grades--that pressure on the child is productive stress," says Vicente.
Serious but unproductive forms of stress. Examples include losing your job or a death in the family.
Internal, external
Internal stress is psychological. Says Vicente: "[It's up to you.] Your doctor says you have goiter and you may have to undergo an operation. Even if it is not yet confirmed, just the thought of going under the knife already stresses you."
External stressors are evident, such as when you are hurrying to work and get a flat tire. Driving in Manila can be stressful; so is going to malls on weekends.
Based on origins
Biological stressors are illnesses like colds, cough or flu, or changes in the body such as during pregnancy.
Environmental factors, such as air and noise pollutants, can be stressors. A high level of lead in the air may cause road rage, according to Vicente.
Social stress results from interaction with people, such as constant rejection by others, or achieving popularity but always finding yourself talked about negatively.
Personal circumstances and standards, like having financial problems or believing you are unattractive, are great stressors. Your boss may just want a one-page report, but because you expect much of yourself, you become stressed by the assignment.
Traumatic stresses are life-threatening or life-changing situations: seeing a relative die in a traumatic way, being kidnapped or experiencing disaster. "We've seen this kind of stress in Bicol [a southern region in the Philippines], where people get flashbacks of what happened when the supertyphoons hit their homes," says Vicente. "This may cause post-traumatic stress disorders and have a long-lasting effect on people."
Workplace stress
The most prevalent stressors come from the workplace: long working hours, deadlines, unusual demands from bosses.
The nature of one's work also determines how stressful the job is. "Rescue and emergency workers, police officers, surgeons--these [people] are all [exposed to] very stressful work," says Vicente.
Some big stressors are easier to handle, while small stressors that people sometimes take for granted can cause injury. Often, if left unmanaged, stressful events pile up and lead to chronic fatigue syndrome, also known as burnout or overstress.
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome is similar to depression. "A person suffering from the syndrome is often tired and [no] drive," relates Vicente.
"One symptom of burnout is a change in values. You see this in government agencies, where there is too much frustration in the bureaucracy," he adds. "Employees lose their initiative and idealism. They just go through the motions of working."
Constant stress also manifests physically, says Vicente. "Many illnesses, like asthma, migraines, ulcers and certain skin disorders, are exacerbated or made worse by stress."
The notion that too much stress can kill also has basis. "There are people with what is called a cardiac personality--aggressive, hostile, very competitive," says Vicente. "Because they want to do a lot of things in a short period of time and their lifestyle is very stressful, there is often that possibility of a heart attack."
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